Single cycle replicating adenovirus vectors

ABSTRACT

This document relates to adenovirus vectors and methods and materials related to using adenovirus vectors. For example, viruses, nucleic acid molecules encoding viruses, cell lines containing viral vectors, and methods for using viruses to deliver nucleic acid to cells in vitro or in vivo are provided. Methods and materials for using adenovirus vectors to induce immune responses and to treat cancer also are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/570,535, filed Sep. 13, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/153,880, filed Oct. 8, 2018 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,465,206), which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/920,775, filed Sep. 2, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,131,921), which is a National Stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2009/036392, filed Mar. 6, 2009, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/068,287, filed Mar. 6, 2008. The disclosures of the prior applications are considered part of (and are incorporated by referenced in) the disclosure of this application.

1. TECHNICAL FIELD

This document relates to adenovirus vectors and methods and materials related to using adenovirus vectors.

2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Adenoviruses can be easy to grow and manipulate, and they can exhibit broad host range in vitro and in vivo. The adenovirus life cycle does not require integration into the host cell genome, and foreign genes can be delivered using adenovirus vectors. For example, adenovirus vectors were successfully used in eukaryotic gene expression and vaccine development (Casimiro et al., J. Virol., 77:6305-6313 (2003); Benson et al., J. Virol., 72:4170-4182 (1998); Buge et al., J. Virol., 73:7430-7440 (1999); and Robert-Guroff et al., J. Virol., 72:10275-10280 (1998)).

SUMMARY

This document relates to adenovirus vectors and methods and materials related to using adenovirus vectors. For example, this document provides viruses, nucleic acid molecules encoding viruses, cell lines containing viral vectors, and methods for using viruses to deliver nucleic acid to cells in vitro or in vivo. This document also provides methods for using adenovirus vectors to induce immune responses and to treat cancer patients. In some cases, single cycle replicating adenoviruses can be used to deliver antigens that trigger an immune response within a mammal.

The nucleic acid molecules and viruses provided herein can lack all or a portion of the sequence encoding an adenovirus fiber protein and/or an adenovirus V protein and can contain a nucleic acid sequence that encodes one or more polypeptides that are heterologous to naturally occurring adenoviruses.

This document is based, in part, on the discovery that adenoviruses can be modified to create single cycle replicating adenoviruses. This document also is based, in part, on the discovery that single cycle replicating adenoviruses can be used to deliver nucleic acid encoding antigens such that a mammal produces an effective immune response against those antigens.

In general, one aspect of this document features a method for inducing an immune response against an antigen in a mammal. The method comprises, or consists essentially of, administering an adenovirus to the mammal under conditions wherein the adenovirus infects a cell of the mammal, wherein the adenovirus comprises an adenovirus polypeptide and lacks at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the adenovirus polypeptide, wherein the adenovirus comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the antigen, and wherein expression of the antigen in the cell leads to induction of the immune response. The mammal can be a human. The antigen can be a tumor antigen. The tumor antigen can be NY-ESO, EBV-LMP, or a papilloma virus antigen. The cell can be an epithelial cell, a tumor cell, a hematopoietic cell, or an antigen presenting cell. The adenovirus polypeptide can be a fiber protein, a V protein, hexon, penton-base, or pIII.

In another aspect, this document features a method for delivering a therapeutic polypeptide to a mammal. The method comprises, or consists essentially of, administering an adenovirus to the mammal under conditions wherein the adenovirus infects a cell of the mammal, wherein the adenovirus comprises an adenovirus polypeptide and lacks at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the adenovirus polypeptide, wherein the adenovirus comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the therapeutic polypeptide. The mammal can be a human. The therapeutic polypeptide can be a thymidine kinase, a fusogenic glycoprotein, a tumor suppressor p53, a heat shock protein polypeptide. The cell can be a tumor cell, a hematopoietic cell, a liver cell, or a gastrointestinal cell. The adenovirus polypeptide can be a fiber protein, a V protein, hexon, penton-base, or pIII.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practice the invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the Ad-rep-GFP-Luc vector. FIG. 1B is a graph plotting GFP expression after infection with the indicated virus particle/cell ratios on a microplate reader.

FIG. 2A is a graph plotting muscle luciferase activity in mice infected with replication-defective or replication-competent Ad5 vectors on the indicated day post infection. 1×10¹⁰ virus particles of the indicated GFP-Luc expressing viruses were administered intramuscularly into mice. The mice were imaged on a Lumazone for luciferase activity on the indicated days. The results are shown for the mean photons for the injection site indicating expression of the luciferase transgene in the tissues. * indicates p value of 0.0276 for last time point. FIG. 2B is a bar graph plotting anti-luciferase antibody responses for BALB/c mice immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) or intranasally (i.n.) with the indicated vectors. The antibody responses against luciferase were measured from serum 3 weeks later. Significance was 0.0026 by one way ANOVA. * and ** indicate p values of 0.038 and 0.0008, respectively, by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test.

FIG. 3A contains a schematic diagram of a Ad-Blue-ΔF vector. Expression of the Ad-Blue-ΔF vector was detected by fluorescent imaging of BFP in transfected cells.

FIG. 3B contains a schematic diagram of a Ad-Red-ΔV vector and photographs of cells transfected with the viral genomes at 2 and 21 days. dsRed expression was detected in cells transfected with each vector by the detection of red fluorescence. Brightfield images demonstrated that the deleted-fiber vector grows efficiently when fiber is supplied from the cell line. Unlike wild-type virus with intact protein V, the ΔV vector does not form red plaques after 3 weeks indicating that the deletion has rendered the virus defective for virus production and spread.

FIG. 4 contains Western blot results of wild-type and codon-optimized fiber expression in the indicated cells for use as helper cells to produce fiber-deleted viruses.

FIG. 5 contains Western blot results of cesium chloride (CsCl) purified wild-type Ad5 vector (A) and Ad5 with fiber deletion (C) expressed in transfected 293 cells. An irreverent Ad5 modified with short and long fibers from Ad41 is also shown (B). Western blotting was performed using an antibody that recognizes the N-termini of the fiber proteins.

FIG. 6 is a sequence listing for a nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) encoding a codon-optimized fiber protein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document provides viruses (e.g., single cycle replicating adenoviruses), nucleic acid molecules encoding viruses, cell lines containing viral vectors, methods for using viruses to deliver nucleic acid to cells in vitro or in vivo, methods for using adenovirus vectors to induce immune responses, and methods for using adenovirus vectors to treat cancer patients.

This document provides nucleic acid molecules that can encode single cycle replicating adenoviruses. Nucleic acid molecules encoding single cycle replicating adenoviruses can include all the naturally-occurring sequences of an adenovirus (e.g., an Ad5 virus) with the exception that it lacks all or a portion of at least of one of the following adenovirus sequences: fiber protein-encoding sequence, V protein-encoding sequence, hexon-encoding sequence, penton base-encoding sequence, VA RNA-encoding sequence, pIII protein-encoding sequence, or other early or late gene product-encoding sequences. Examples of adenoviral nucleic acid sequences that encode polypeptides include, without limitation, those set forth in GenBank gi numbers 209842, 58478, or 2935210, and/or annotated in GenBank accession numbers M73260, X17016, or AF030154.

In some cases, a deletion of all or a portion of the nucleic acid encoding one or more of the following polypeptides can be engineered into a nucleic acid encoding an adenovirus: fiber protein-encoding sequence, V protein-encoding sequence, hexon-encoding sequence, penton base-encoding sequence, VA RNA-encoding sequence, pIII protein-encoding sequence, or other early or late gene product-encoding sequences. Such deletions can be any length that results in the deletion of one or more encoded amino acids. For example, portions of a nucleic acid sequence of an adenovirus can be removed such that an encoded polypeptide lacks 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or more amino acid residues). The portion or portions to be deleted can be removed from any location along the length of the sequence. For example, a portion of an adenovirus nucleic acid sequence can be removed at the 5′ end, the 3′ end, or an internal region of an adenovirus nucleic acid such as a fiber protein-encoding sequence, V protein-encoding sequence, hexon-encoding sequence, penton base-encoding sequence, VA RNA-encoding sequence, pIII protein-encoding sequence, or other early or late gene product-encoding sequences.

Any appropriate molecular biology and biochemical method (e.g., nucleic acid sequencing) can be used to identify the presence and location of a deletion introduced into an adenovirus nucleic acid. For example, nucleic acids can be separated by size using gel electrophoresis to confirm that portions have been removed relative to the length of the original nucleic acid. In some cases, antibodies that recognize various epitopes on the encoded polypeptide (e.g., a fiber polypeptide) can be used to detect the presence or absence polypeptides targeted for deletion.

In some cases, a nucleic acid molecule provided herein can include a sequence encoding a therapeutic polypeptide or an immunogen. Examples of therapeutic polypeptides include, without limitation, propionyl CoA carboxylase (NM_000282; gi number 5095), dystrophin (M92650; gi number 1756), p53 (M14695), factor IX (BC109215; gi number 7157), herpes virus thymidine kinase (NC_001798), measles H and F fusogenic glycoproteins (DQ227321; gi number 1489803), sodium iodide symporter (NM_000453; gi number 6528), and heat shock protein (L12723; gi number 3308). Expression of such therapeutic polypeptides can be driven by, for example, linking polypeptide encoding sequences to constitutive, inducible, and/or tissue-specific promoter sequences that can drive transcription of a therapeutic polypeptide. Examples of immunogens include, without limitation, cancer immunogens such as melanoma antigen family A (NM_004988; gi number 4100), MUC1 (Z17325; gi number 4582), Epstein-Barr virus LMP-2 (V01555), and human papilloma virus proteins (K02718), viral immunogens such as HIV gag and env (NC_001802), influenza hemagglutinin (EU497921), hepatitis C core (NC_004102; gi number 951475), and smallpox H3L antigen (DQ437592), and bacterial immunogens such as Bacillis anthraces protective antigen (AF268967) and mecA from Staphylococcus aureus (AB353125). In some cases, an immunogen can be a full-length immunogenic polypeptide or a portion thereof. For example, a nucleic acid sequence encoding an immunogenic polypeptide can be modified to remove portions of nucleic acid such that the encoded polypeptide lacks any number of amino acids (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 amino acids, or all amino acids of the immunogenic polypeptide). In some cases, portions of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an immunogenic polypeptide can be removed from anywhere along the length of the sequence. For example, portions of the nucleic acid sequence can be removed at the 5′ end, the 3′ end, or an internal region of the target nucleic acid. In some cases, a therapeutic polypeptide and/or an immunogenic polypeptide can be designed to be secreted from cells infected with the adenovirus encoding the therapeutic polypeptide and/or immunogenic polypeptide.

Any appropriate method can be used to detect expression of a therapeutic polypeptide or immunogenic polypeptide from virus infected cells. For example, antibodies that recognize a therapeutic polypeptide or immunogenic polypeptide can be used to detect the presence or absence of the polypeptide in infected cells.

The term “nucleic acid” as used herein encompasses both RNA and DNA, including cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic (e.g., chemically synthesized) DNA. A nucleic acid can be double-stranded or single-stranded. A single-stranded nucleic acid can be the sense strand or the antisense strand. In addition, a nucleic acid can be circular or linear.

An “isolated nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid that is separated from other nucleic acid molecules that are present in a viral genome, including nucleic acids that normally flank one or both sides of the nucleic acid in a viral genome. The term “isolated” as used herein with respect to nucleic acids also includes any non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid sequence, since such non-naturally-occurring sequences are not found in nature and do not have immediately contiguous sequences in a naturally-occurring genome.

An isolated nucleic acid can be, for example, a DNA molecule, provided one of the nucleic acid sequences normally found immediately flanking that DNA molecule in a naturally-occurring genome is removed or absent. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA molecule that exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a chemically synthesized nucleic acid, or a cDNA or genomic DNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment) independent of other sequences as well as DNA that is incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicating plasmid, a virus (e.g., any paramyxovirus, retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus), or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. In addition, an isolated nucleic acid can include an engineered nucleic acid such as a DNA molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid. A nucleic acid existing among hundreds to millions of other nucleic acids within, for example, cDNA libraries or genomic libraries, or gel slices containing a genomic DNA restriction digest, is not considered an isolated nucleic acid.

As described herein, a nucleic acid molecule can encode an adenovirus with the exception that it lacks all or a portion of at least of one adenovirus polypeptide-encoding sequence. Any appropriate molecular cloning technique (e.g., recombination or site-directed mutagenesis) can be used to generate an adenovirus nucleic acid molecule that lacks all or a portion of a fiber protein-encoding sequence, a V protein-encoding sequence, hexon protein-encoding sequence, penton base protein-encoding sequence, VA RNA-encoding sequence, or pIII protein-encoding sequence. Likewise, any appropriate molecular cloning technique (e.g., PCR, recombination, or restriction site cloning) can be used to introduce a nucleic acid sequence into a nucleic acid molecule of an adenovirus. The nucleic acid molecules provided herein can be incorporated into viruses by standard techniques. For example, recombinant techniques can be used to insert a nucleic acid molecule provided herein into an infective viral genome or sub-genome within a plasmid or other vector. In some cases, a plasmid or other vector can additionally express luciferase or another reporter gene. The viral genome can then be transfected into mammalian cells to rescue the modified adenovirus. Alternately, modified subgenome sequences can be co-transfected into cells with other subgenome sequence such that the mammalian cells recombines the subgenomes into an intact genome making new virus.

The document also provides viruses (e.g., adenoviruses) containing a nucleic acid molecule provided herein. For example, this document provides recombinant adenoviruses that lack all or a portion of a fiber protein-encoding sequence, a V protein-encoding sequence, a hexon protein-encoding sequence, a penton base protein-encoding sequence, a VA RNA-encoding sequence, a pIII protein-encoding sequence, or other early or late gene product-encoding sequence. In some cases, such adenoviruses can contain the polypeptide while lacking all or a portion of the nucleic acid sequence that encodes that polypeptide. For example, an adenovirus provided herein can be contain adenovirus fiber protein while lacking the nucleic acid that encodes adenovirus fiber protein. Such adenoviruses can be obtained using cells lines designed to express the polypeptide such that it is incorporated into virus particles that lack the nucleic acid sequence that encodes that polypeptide.

This document provides cell lines that can be used to produce viruses (e.g., adenoviruses) that contain a particular polypeptide while lacking the nucleic acid sequence that encodes that polypeptide. For example, this document provides isolated cells that express an adenovirus fiber protein, an adenovirus V protein, an adenovirus hexon protein, an adenovirus penton base protein, an adenovirus VA RNA, an adenovirus pIII protein, or other adenovirus early or late gene product. Such cells can contain nucleic acid that allows adenovirus particles to be produced such that they contain the expressed adenovirus polypeptide, while lacking the nucleic acid sequence that encodes that polypeptide.

The viruses provided herein can be used to induce immune responses within a mammal and/or can be used to treat cancer. For example, an adenovirus can be designed to be a single cycle replicating adenovirus (e.g., a fiber protein-less or V protein-less adenovirus) that contains nucleic acid that drives expression of a cancer immunogen. Such an adenovirus can be propagated in a cell that provides the missing adenovirus polypeptide (e.g., fiber protein-expressing cell line or V protein-expressing cell line) in order to increase the available number of copies of that virus, typically by at least 100-fold (e.g., by 100-fold to 15,000-fold, by 500- to 10,000-fold, by 5,000- to 10,000-fold, or by 5,000- to 15,000-fold). A virus can be expanded until a desired concentration is obtained in standard cell culture media (e.g., DMEM or RPMI-1640 supplemented with 5-10% fetal bovine serum at 37° C. in 5% CO₂). A viral titer typically is assayed by inoculating cells (e.g., A549 or 293 cells) in culture or by quantitating viral genomes by optical density or real-time PCR.

Viral stocks can be produced by growth in mammalian cells. Viral stocks can be aliquoted and frozen, and can be stored at −70° C. to −80° C. at concentrations higher than the therapeutically effective dose. A viral stock can be stored in a stabilizing solution. Examples of stabilizing solutions include, without limitation, sugars (e.g., trehalose, dextrose, glucose), amino acids, glycerol, gelatin, monosodium glutamate, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺.

The viruses provided herein can be administered to a mammal to deliver an encoded therapeutic polypeptide or to induce an immune response against an encoded immunogen. For example, a composition containing a virus provided herein can be administered to a mammal by, for example, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intratumoral, or oral administration. In some cases, the viruses provided herein can be designed to induce an anti-cancer immune response. Examples of types of cancers that can be treated using the viruses provided herein include, without limitation, myeloma, melanoma, glioma, lymphoma, leukemia, and cancers of the lung, brain, stomach, colon, rectum, kidney, prostate, ovary, and breast. For example, an adenovirus lacking fiber protein-encoding nucleic acid and containing a gp100 or fusogenic glycoprotein polypeptide fragment can be used to treat melanoma.

The viruses provided herein can be administered to a mammal (e.g., a human) in a biologically compatible solution or a pharmaceutically acceptable delivery vehicle. Suitable pharmaceutical formulations depend in part upon the use and the route of entry, e.g., transdermal or by injection. Such forms should not prevent the composition or formulation from reaching target cells (e.g., immune cells, or tumor cells) or from exerting its effect. For example, pharmacological compositions injected into the blood stream should be soluble.

While dosages administered can vary from patient to patient (e.g., depending upon desired response or the disease state), an effective dose can be determined by setting as a lower limit the concentration of virus proven to be safe and escalating to higher doses, while monitoring for the desired response (e.g., antibody production, T cell responses, a reduction in cancer cell growth, or reduction in cancer-associated protein) along with the presence of any deleterious side effects.

The viruses provided herein can be delivered in a dose ranging from, for example, about 10³ pfu to about 10¹² pfu (typically >10⁸ pfu). A therapeutically effective dose can be provided in repeated doses. Repeat dosing is appropriate in cases in which observations of clinical symptoms or tumor size or monitoring assays indicate either that a group of cancer cells or tumor has stopped shrinking or that the degree of viral activity is declining while the tumor is still present. Repeat doses (using the same or a different modified virus) can be administered by the same route as initially used or by another route. A therapeutically effective dose can be delivered in several discrete doses (e.g., days or weeks apart) and in some cases, one to about twelve doses are provided. In some cases, a therapeutically effective dose of viruses can be delivered by a sustained release formulation.

The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1—Comparing Replication-Competent vs. Replication-Defective Adenoviruses

To determine whether replicating adenovirus vectors generate better immune responses than replication-defective adenovirus vectors after oral delivery, replication-competent Ad5 was modified to over-express transgenes by inserting a CMV-GFP-luciferase expression cassette at a HpaI site between E1a and E1b (FIG. 1A). In vitro comparison of GFP fluorescence between replication-competent (Ad-rep-GFP-Luc) and replication-defective Ad in vitro demonstrated that the replication-competent vector expressed transgenes to a much higher level at equal virus particles/cell (FIG. 1B).

When the Ad-rep-GFP-Luc replication-competent vector was tested in vivo in nude mice bearing human tumors, luciferase imaging revealed the virus first seeds the liver, replicates, and then expands into tumors (FIG. 1C). Direct comparison of luciferase activity after intramuscular injection demonstrated that the replication-competent vector produced less luciferase initially, but that transgene expression appeared to increase over time in contrast to the replication-defective virus (FIG. 2A). This increase was not observed after intranasal administration. Imaging captures only the strongest localized signals, however, and dispersed lower expression may not be captured. When immune responses were compared, it was demonstrated that the replication-competent vectors generated substantially higher immune responses against the transgene products by both routes (FIG. 2B), indicating that the viruses replicate sufficiently in the mouse model to evaluate their utility as vaccine carriers.

These results demonstrate that replicating adenovirus vectors such as Ad-rep-GFP-Luc can be used as delivery vectors. These results also demonstrate that replicating adenovirus vectors can be used to induce effective immune responses in mammals.

Example 2—Single Cycle Replicating Adenoviruses Based on Deletion of the Late Gene for the Fiber Protein

The adenovirus fiber protein mediates binding to its receptor CAR (Campos and Barry, Curr. Gene Ther., 7:189-204 (2007)). Viruses lacking fiber are defective due to loss of CAR binding and due to incomplete maturation of virus particles. The viral genome plasmid Ad-Blue-4F was constructed in which the entire fiber coding sequence was replaced with a zeocin-resistance marker by recombination in bacteria (FIG. 3A). This virus carried the blue fluorescent protein (BFP) gene in the E3 region that is expressed only in replicating virions to mark successful replication of the vector. When this fiber-deleted genome was transfected into 293 cells, western blot analysis demonstrated that this vector expresses no fiber proteins. When this virus was propagated in 293 cells, it failed to spread to other cells (FIG. 3A). In contrast, when the same genome was transfected into fiber-expressing 633 cells, virus production was rescued. Therefore, a single-cycle Ad vector can be produced in fiber-expressing 633 cells, but they cannot spread after initial infection because they lack the fiber gene. By growing Ad-Blue-ΔF in 633 cells, normal yields of virions displaying fibers were produced, but they did not contain nucleic acid encoding fibers. By growing Ad-Blue-ΔF in 633 cells and then 293 cells in the last round of amplification, Ad-Blue-ΔF without fiber were produced in normal yields (e.g. 5×10¹² virus particle preps). Therefore, this system can be used to make large batches of Ad vaccines displaying fiber proteins, but that cannot produce new virions with fibers after infection in vivo.

Example 3—Single Cycle Replicating Adenoviruses Based on Deletion of the Early Gene for Protein V

Protein V is a 42 kDa protein present at 160 copies per Ad virion (Campos and Barry, Curr. Gene Ther., 7:189-204 (2007)). The following was performed to test whether protein V can be deleted from Ad5 by knocking the gene out in a dsRed-expressing vector by homologous recombination in bacteria (FIG. 3B). When tested in 293 cells, Ad-Red-ΔV produced reporter gene product, but never plagued (FIG. 3B). These results demonstrate that viruses containing a deleted protein V can be used to generate single-cycle replicating viruses. In this case, deletion of protein V targets an early gene product rather than the late fiber gene. ΔV viruses produced in cell lines expressing protein V in trans (like fiber-expressing 633 cells) can encapsidate protein V, allowing progeny virions to infect and transduce cells in vivo. Following infection as a vaccine in vivo, viral ΔV genomes can be replicated normally. However, progeny virions would lack protein V and would be unable to infect actively a second set of cells after the initial infection.

In summary, these results demonstrate that, unlike a replication-competent Ad, single-cycle fiberless or protein V deleted Ad progeny virions can be infectious only when administered. Secondary virions cannot propogate an uncontrolled adenovirus infection like live Ad4, 5, and 7 vaccines and cannot be spread or cause disease in people in close or distant contact with the vaccinee or person receiving the therapeutic. Unlike replication-defective Ad vaccines, fiber-deleted Ad produced from 633 cells or protein V-deleted virions can replicate their genomes and antigen genes 10,000-fold in infected cells. These single-cycle viruses therefore can be used to amplify antigen production without the risk of causing uncontrolled adenovirus infections.

Example 4—Codon-Optimized Fiber Expression

Western blot analysis was performed to test the use of codon-optimized fiber expression in various cell lines for use as helper cells to produce fiber-deleted viruses. The nucleic acid sequence encoding a codon-optimized fiber protein used for the expression assays was as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. As demonstrated in FIG. 4, transiently- and stably-transfected cells can produce fiber-deleted viruses. Fluorescent imaging of transfected 293 cells revealed robust plaque formation of BFP-expressing Ad with fiber-deletion in 293 cells stably expressing codon-optimized fiber, but poor plaque formation in 293 cells lacking fiber. These results demonstrate that cells expressing codon-optimized fiber can be used to propagate viruses with fiber-deletion genomes. These results also demonstrate that cells expressing codon-optimized fiber can be used to establish fiber libraries.

To assess fiber protein incorporation into Ad viruses with a fiber-deletion genome, western blot analysis was performed on viruses produced by infection of 293 cells with Ad5 vector (FIG. 5A), by infection of codon-optimized fiber-expressing 293 cells with Ad5 with fiber-deletion (FIG. 5C), or by infection of 293 cells with an irreverent Ad5 modified with short and long fibers from Ad41 (FIG. 5B). Viruses were purified by banding in a cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient. Western blots were performed using an antibody that recognized the N-terminus of the fiber protein. Western blot data revealed that when the fiber-deleted Ad5 virus was propagated in codon-optimized fiber-expressing 293 cells, the cells produced sufficient levels of fiber protein for normal fiber incorporation into Ad virions (FIG. 5).

Other Embodiments

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for inducing an immune response against an antigen in a mammal, wherein said method comprises administering an adenovirus to said mammal under conditions wherein said adenovirus infects a cell of said mammal, wherein said adenovirus comprises an adenovirus polypeptide and lacks at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes said adenovirus polypeptide, wherein said adenovirus comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding said antigen, and wherein expression of said antigen in said cell leads to induction of said immune response.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said mammal is a human.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said antigen is a tumor antigen.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said tumor antigen is NY-ESO, EBV-LMP, or a papilloma virus antigen.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said cell is an epithelial cell, a tumor cell, a hematopoietic cell, or an antigen presenting cell.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said adenovirus polypeptide is a fiber protein, a V protein, hexon, penton-base, or pIII.
 7. A method for delivering a therapeutic polypeptide to a mammal, wherein said method comprises administering an adenovirus to said mammal under conditions wherein said adenovirus infects a cell of said mammal, wherein said adenovirus comprises an adenovirus polypeptide and lacks at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes said adenovirus polypeptide, wherein said adenovirus comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding said therapeutic polypeptide.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said mammal is a human.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said therapeutic polypeptide is a thymidine kinase, a fusogenic glycoprotein, a tumor suppressor p53, a heat shock protein polypeptide.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein said cell is a tumor cell, a hematopoietic cell, a liver cell, or a gastrointestinal cell.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein said adenovirus polypeptide is a fiber protein, a V protein, hexon, penton-base, or pIII. 